insert into your_table
select 'value1', 'value2', 'value3', etc..., id from your table 
where Date in (select max(Date) from your_table)

with cte as 
(select *, ROW_NUMBER() over (order by Date) as rn from your_table)
update cte
   set ParentId = cte1.ID
  from cte
       left join cte cte1 on cte.rn = cte1.rn + 1

with cte as 
(select *, ROW_NUMBER() over (order by Date) as rn from your_table)
update cte
   set ParentId = cte1.ID
  from cte
       left join cte cte1 on cte.rn = cte1.rn + 1