-- ваша табличка
declare @x table ( id int identity primary key , StateCode int , UpdateCount int DEFAULT(0) )
insert into @x ( StateCode ) values
(1100110),
(1100111),
(1100112),
(1100113),
(1100114)

-- справочник переходов - тут PRIMARY KEY очень "неспроста"
declare @a table ( StateFrom int PRIMARY KEY , StateInto int )
insert into @a ( StateFrom , StateInto ) values
( 1100110 , 1100111 ),
( 1100111 , 1100112 ),
( 1100112 , 1100113 ),
( 1100113 , 1100114 )

while 1=1 begin

update x
set x.StateCode = a.StateInto , x.UpdateCount += 1
from @x as x
join @a as a on a.StateFrom = x.StateCode

if @@rowcount = 0 break

end

select * from @x

create table #t_Inv (
   id int identity primary key
   , DocId varchar(100)
   , StateCode char(7) constraint CHK_tInv_StateCode check (StateCode in ('1100110', '1100111', '1100112', '1100113', '1100114'))
   , StateCheck char(7)
   );
insert #t_Inv (DocId, StateCode, StateCheck) values
   (1,'1100112','1100112'), 
   (1,'1100110','1100110'), 
   (1,'1100113','1100113'), 
   (2,'1100110','1100110'), 
   (3,'1100110','1100110'), 
   (3,'1100112','1100112'), 
   (3,'1100110','1100110'), 
   (3,'1100114','1100114'), 
   (3,'1100111','1100111'), 
   (3,'1100113','1100113'), 
   (3,'1100112','1100112'), 
   (4,'1100112','1100112'), 
   (5,'1100110','1100110');

create table #rules (id int identity(0,1) primary key, State_from char(7) unique, State_to char(7));
insert #rules (State_from, State_to) values ('1100113', '1100114'),('1100112', '1100113'),('1100111', '1100112'),('1100110', '1100111'),('1100114', '1100110');

update g set g.StateCode=r.State_to
from (
   select * , row_number()over(partition by i.DocId  order by i.id desc)-1 npp
   from #t_Inv i
   where i.DocId in (1,2,3)
   )g
join #rules r on r.id=(g.npp%5)

select * from #t_Inv  i
order by i.DocId, i.id;